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1 อางอ งบทความธรรมในภาษาอ งกฤษ( Dhamma in English) ในเวปไซค% ของผศ.ดร.พระมหา สมบ รณ% ว ฑ ฒ กโร (พรรณา) อาจารย%ประจ าบ ณฑ ตว ทยาล ย มหาว ทยาล ยจ ฬาลงกรณราชว ทยาล ย

2 เคร องม อทางการบร หารสม ยใหม (New Management Tools) พ ทธชย นต ๒๖๐๐ ป แห งการตร สร ขององค พระพ ทธเจ า ก ธรรมะในภาษาอ งกฤษ (Dhamma in English ) ท ว าด วยการปฏ บ ต กรรมฐาน (Meditation) กก ก ก! ก ก"#$ %&&$'#ก &$'"()*+* &,) -+ก#)) -(./.& &&$' 0!! +ก$ )+!&1'234)(*+23-* &*+ & # 5!!ก0.-(.#!%&$$+) &" ) ก%/ &"+') ')' ( : Albert Einstein - + *' '")') -กDEก'4FG( " "H (.(I" )*+ก-ก )' (..&#I(.#$)')F(. 23 &+J+ % DEก'!..LL /กF &+/กM/&*+ก+ N/& O P ก)ก$ $I ( (..&#I(.#$)')F(. Q )(D +!' (Steven Paul Jobs) -กก!" ก -M( (J#I*&$ Apple Inc. กF'#I#&ก $)' 23#!/กF ก M &!&!&ก OJก "J JJ)JกP! '" I(.\!ก+ ก#$] - ก"!0 " ) &" ).($ #!# ก%/ *+.&(.ก!ก+ ก ก$H! $ *+ &!/&! N+3 ) (.ก+ N/& #(!/&-ก %& &ก+ ^_ F &ก4FJ *+!-$ %`+`+&พ ทธชย นต ๒๖๐๐ ป แห งการตร สร ของ องค พระพ ทธเจ า ด วยเช นก น H!-ก &&! ก$ #_ F &ก4F( Dhamma in English) $ #3*&_ F %&! ' 3e' fghกj(e ), 2.,.,..ก,..j,.. (_ F &ก4F),..( /กF ),..( )! '! ef) + +!k +&กe " + 23%(!/& &&.&(.( -#3*$ `+`+&" )( *&ก )3%&&$'! J H +ก! H.&*+$+ก#* &%&! ' 3e' fghกj(e ) *+ก ก %$e- &3& e Jก ( ) (Life of the Buddha)! กก 3$ ก" ) &#$ N (.% ก3H.&$ - %& *+ +ก$ (. $I N )%&&$'J ) ) & &(

3 ก%/#)H%&( ก$)F(. J ()! " )Nก 3)#3 +((ก$)ก "p-lq) # ")ก3+ ก &' "e(j e %&J$! JกF) '23$&ก&ก+' J & "'+&J$3)( & j Buddhism arose in northern India in the 6th century BCE. The historical founder of Buddhism, Siddharta Gautama (c BCE) was born in a village called Lumbini into a warrior tribe called the Sakyas (from where he derived the title Sakyamuni, meaning 'Sage of the Sakyas'). According to tradition Gautama's father, Suddhodana was the king of a small principality based on the town of Kapilavastu. His mother, Queen Maya, died seven days after Gautama's birth! " )N(%e "F )3 กG0.&-(.!ก$ H#! H.0.&! ก_ ก%& "& M/.&*&#0$ *)ก) &! ก(.$ 0! ก $ ก%'%&+ F ' " " 23*กh 23$(.!0\ *+M ก$) Siddharta Gautama(about 29 years old) apparent sense of dissatisfaction turned to disillusion when he saw three things from the window of his palace, each of which represented different forms human suffering: a decrepit old man, a diseased man, and a corpse.! " )N+&$$*+"()#! " +&กF *++&$ %#"()! &$'.)!)II e_ #)ก *! ก&! '23 &3ก,) ก 3& *)#"(ก กก$ 3/ก%&$ 3-$!&H$ & Siddharta abandoned his family and life as a prince, cut off his hair and adopted the lifestyle of a wanderer. Siddharta began his spiritual quest under the guidance of two teachers who showed him how to reach very deep states of meditation (samadhi). This did not, however, lead to a sense of true knowledge or peace &)& **! 0I( &)H.&! " )N& 0I) N(%& &$' #\ )4$ &$'&.&#))J 0I( $ ) *+ก ก+ ก # e(.*&! " )N+ *&$!&* &$'& $H$!& &$' M/.&# ˆ! ( N/& ก )3 ˆ23)H. )

4 Resolved to continue his quest, Siddharta made his way to a deer park at Isipatana. Here he sat beneath a tree meditating on death and rebirth. It was here that Siddharta attained a knowledge of the way things really are; it was through this knowledge that he acquired the title 'Buddha' (meaning 'awakened one'). ก )3 &$'&-ก +$2+ #$H%&ก 0I( M/.& )5II 3*!&2 "& $I ก #"&+ I e&0*+3-)#+/ก" )(& )I e) #+ "Œ &!3H.&ก-) %&)'&+ *+% #!#$ -) ก(.)ก %&,& (&!)3 )I e ˆ!กFI e ) + 5!` &)3!L (;$ ก%'# ก+J+ก, )*&ก%'#$ )&ก *&)), N( &*&ก ก%'*++ & *&ก%' # M/.&( ก $(&$' q ก M/.&-!.)%& q ก ก ก ()5II ( G, &ก) ก ((+ (!, ก), "() $ ( ##! ˆ (, ) ) M/.&-ก #(.H.ก +ก! ก!ก*&$ ก%'&& This awakening was achieved during a night of meditation, which passed through various stages. In the first stage he saw each of his previous existences. In the second he surveyed the death and rebirth of all living beings and understood the law that governs the cycle of birth and death. In the third he identified the four noble truths: the universality of suffering, the cause of suffering through selfish desire, the solution to suffering and the way to overcome suffering. This final point is called the Noble Eightfold Path, this being eight steps consisting of wisdom(right views, right intention) ethics (right speech, right action, right livelihood), mental discipline (right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration), which ultimately lead to liberation from the source of suffering. ก )J (.ก+ N/& ก0 N $ - %&! *+$ -*ก *+0N/&$ $I%&ก 0I( 5 ก (Meditation) H. &*&+! กก ( ) ก-(.% #!#H&) 0!! &$')3 &$'&*+(. $I.&$H! L *+ $(&$' q &$'& 0I( # M/.&H.^ *& *+& #"* &#ก,)-$H.&H(. $I.&$H Q. e) (Contemplation of Death) ก +/ก/กN/&$ ) - e'. "Œ G ก & ก+ & (Middle Path) ก,) &+ ' (Moderate Practice) ( & กก ก

5 . &)&!)-!!**-J (To make a Decision & Attention & Ambition and Veracity) (.! \ D5$'(& ก+ ก%' &+ && ก 0! &!) ก0!$+H.ก (ก ก, /ก (Meditation) %. $ Oก P ก $ (.& *+ OMeditationP! ก$ OกP *+ ก & (work) *+$ O P *+ (.)&, (. (basis/place/station) ก*+ (.)&*&ก & H(.)&*&ก & (basis of work/ place of work/ station of work) N (.)&*&ก & ($H? ) $H(.)&*&ก & &!)#!.& $ + (.!h!)#! )& #!)& H5กก & & & &(. (ก0$H O e'p (object- e'# N/& e'*ก J+_ Jก ก+( (.( ก emotion &(.$.% #!) ".&ก + #!% -ก + #!(ก0$H e'-(.)&*&#!%& H)(ก +&.& &H# ก ((..& 3$H (.&) ) $H.&(. & 3 ก (( ก e'(. ก ) ( ก#!(.ก e' 3& ] ก ก0$H e'-(.)&*&ก & %&#!.& ก ( & $H Q. Nก HN_ N/&ก (.& #!)&- (Calmness Meditation/Stillness Meditation) ก,)Nก $Hก!)5ก Hก (concentrate) ก e' &# &/.& (object)!** 3ก e' &*&$+*$+ _ "( ( ก!))&.- (Concentration/Firmness) H( ก(ก & Oก$$) P N/&_ (.!))&. 3ก e'( (One-pointedness) H.!))&.- *+ก0( ก -!)(.$*ก ก #"& (ก( -workable) #ก! e H.&(.+( +/กM/&) H+&(. ก! "H.&*+ ก0 (. #"& ) &] " ก0 -). 5 ก H 5 _ N/&ก H.$ 3*!&0!& (Insight Meditation H Insight Development) -ก (. ก%/! กNก & #"5II (Wisdom)! e.&&+ #3*!&0!&) (.-!& (see things as they really are) $H -!& &ก00!&) #"0) (. ก#-H$ - H. 0J+ก*+"() &(!ก$ +(. *+& (transformation) %/

6 #"()"N กNJ$ (radical) (. ()J+ก*+"() (world-view/life-view)!+(. &"&! "() 5II #" "" (ignorance) )e (desire/craving) *+ (attachment/clinging) H$ก! กJ+กH3J+ก & ($%&% ) 3#J+ก &!*)ก) &ก &"&ก) 3#J+กH!+-())-liberation/freedom)! ก ก (&J "'-bondages/fetters) %&ก+&+ (defilements)! "() 3#J+ก*)HJ+ก (Live with it but transcend it) H#(.*" 3# *) ก ` H.3N/&ก,)ก #&$!*&ก- #I] $H Q. -J $H (.ก + #!% -ก H. #!% (Breathing-In) #_ OP (Bud) #!ก (Breathing-Out) #_ OJP (dho) (-*,)%& \ #&$ *) " +&3\ ' +&3\. +&3\ก' +&3\" - )!( ก () '" ก & O )P (Mindfulness on Breathing) ก0. &- $H ก (.ก ก & (rising) *+ก (falling) %&&+ #!% - ก ก+ $H#() (mindfulness) 3กก &- %&& H.&& #_ (meditate) O& (rising) H.& #_ O P (falling) &#() 3ก N) &] (postures) " H. Hก0_ O HP (standing) H. ก0_ OP (walking) H..&ก0_ O.&P (sitting) H.ก0#_ " " (laying) -) 3& ] #() 3ก5!!%e (present moment) #กก $+H. (movements) ก,)*&- ( H! กก!( ก () '" ก & O)5, LP (The Four Foundations of Mindfulness) ก0 M/.&-"H.%&3)/.&#)EGก. & - (..*+h %/J +& ก _ F(!I (,)J $ ] $H #_ O &]P J!))& 3) ) &] # &ก M/.&(& j ก &(.ก+ ($H*ก,)(. #&$ &ก0) H.3N/&ก,) ก ) *(.! *&#)EGก #I!/กN/& O)5, 3)P M/.&- 3) (.)&%&) (Foundations of Mindfulness) ( L & ( ก] ก () 3กก (body) (feelings/sensations)!) (mind) *+ (mind-objects) ( +( &(

7 Q. ก 5 )5, (Mindfulness of the Body/Contemplation of the Body) N/&ก )ก ก $+H.) &] %& &ก &+ #!% -ก *+ก!&ก (walking meditation) #() 3#%e5!!%&ก $+H.] #ก *)3 (just knowing) -( &ก #$&*)&ก+ * ))- 3 'ก+ & (I-centered) - O)ก3P (I-making) O%&ก3P (my-making). 5 )5, (Mindfulness of the Feelings/Complaining of the Feelings) N/&ก )ก 3 H$ 3/ก-% (pleasant feeling) -ก%' (painful feeling) H` ] (neutral feeling) #ก*)3 (just knowing) - #$&*)&ก+!ก)ก3%&ก3.!)) 5 )5, (Mindfulness of Mind/Contemplation of Mind) N/&ก ) ก 3!)%&) #%e] _!)- & &H2&*2 ( ก+H(ก+ D^&M H- -) $H#ก*)3 (just knowing) -( &!) #$&*)&ก+!ก)ก3%&ก3 L. 5 )5, (Mindfulness of Mind-objects/ Contemplation of Mind-objects) N/&ก )ก 3 H e'(.ก%/##! (mind-objects) %e] - & " H.e' (Hindrances/Obstacles) ก%/##!ก0#3 %e((e'ก%/##! #ก*)3 (just knowing) -( & #$ก +!ก)&ก3%&ก3 ก+ J ก,))5, $H$ ' &&$'ก \ $H \ (.! e _ F &ก4F( ก OSubjectsP ก \ (.N3ก! e _ F &ก4F( ก OObjectsP \ (.! e ก Q. ) () -Mindfulness). "II (" J-Awareness) *+. $ ( ( ) -Energy) & &( (. 'ก#ก! e e' \ (.N3ก! e H( ก(ก & \ " e'" *ก Q. ก (body). (feeling).!) (mind) *+ L. (mind-objects) ^ %&ก! e $H#3 e'+ () $ -!& #$&*)& ก+!ก _ (illusion) ()ก3-%&ก3 H.&ก (.+ $ $*ก+ &((ก+ H.&(.$ $ + # )) ก! ก% ก_ F)ก(. กก ก!) O!)g) g) %!)(. ก(*+ % # A well-tamed mind brings happinessp

8 (The Middle Way/Path) "Œ, NH -#!%& (The very heart of Buddhism) *+- &(. 3ก )3%&! (The way leading to the Buddha's Enlightenment).$H OThe Middle WayP H OThe Middle PathP *+-_ F O"Œ, P H O & ก+ &P $ O & ก+ &P # ก%/# (context) *&ก ( $( &ก & (.#" ก+ & M/.&( ก " &J)&" H O &%P ( ก#_ F &ก4F OExtremesP 23 + $&! ก(.!!$ & ก+ &*+ #&$')3 &$'&$ &J)& *+ $&*ก &$'-! " 3# "& &ก $ %! กก J_$) &] ] ( ก Oก %++ก J $P )&ก_ F &ก4F OSelf-indulgenceP H OSelf-gratificationP H OSensual IndulgenceP H OIndulgence in sensual pleasuresp.$hก ) #$ % &) 3!3ก + ก $+ ก(. ( ก#_ F 5!! J)& J_$ (Consumerism) $&(.&)(.&$'0!ก"*+ )#$ + ก*) &] (กก ก ) " ก -) J "H. - &*&$ + (Liberation) ( ก O))ก+N J $P )&ก_ F &ก4F OSelf-mortification/Self-tortureP 5!!* &*( &NH,) 3# " (Jainism) %&( " ก"+H ก -)! กก e'j)&& ( #&$' % #" &*&$ +*+$ % &*!&! ก!/&& & ก+ & & & ก+ &#!/&(+ก (Q) - &(.+(ก+(. &H%&*J)&& (The way avoiding the two extremes) *+ () - &(. 3$ + (The way leading to liberation) &#] ก0) (.% กef' &( NH - & ก+ &) +ก $ #_ F &ก4F( Dhamma in English) ($ )&#!!%( #-) &#ก #ก" ) &" )(.#!#+ก!/& #($ % #!#%* &,)(. $I - &*&ก + M/.&(. $I$Hก G)5 ก (Meditation) (.-(. %& ก"*+" ) &" )#5!! ก +&H,)) * & -(. #" " ) &" ) ก%/^*+ก #3*_ F &ก4F(. ก0!- &/.&#ก 2 *2 "ก $$+ $I" ) &" )) &_ F + ก0) &3*+,)) * & N/&$ 0!#"()ก &!/&-&* &*+&+! กก ( ) ก +! กก*+&$ ก%' (ก&ก.N_ #ก & "ก

9 #))!-$ (.%( $$+ $I*& 23+&+*+ #* &ก "() ก & *+ก &2+& ก&J+ก# $5!! $H )(D +!0'(Steve Paul Jobs) ก)ก *&$)')F(. Q ( )